It has been introduced into the south of the us, where it is considered an invasive aquatic weed. There are ten species of salvinia in the world and the water fern, salvinia minima, is the species that occurs in florida. Willdenow have been misapplied to salvinia minima in several sources, and s. From what i read, salvinia minima is an invasive species from. Salvinia minima common salvinia flowgrow aquatic plant. Salvinia minima is dis tinguished by its stalks on the leaf sur face that divide into branching hairs that spread and are free at the tips. Survey of salvinia salviniaceae in eastern arkansas.
Salvinia molesta is one of seven species of free floating aquatic ferns. Environment specifics edit edit source salvinia minima is a floating aquatic fern that invades a variety of aquatic habitats with salinity levels as high as 1. Salvinia minima is a small floating fern originating from the american tropics. Forming mats up to 2 feet thick, the plant gobbles up oxygen and blocks sunlight needed by other water dwellers. Attack on giant salvinia giant salvinia is a fastgrowing fern that can clog ponds and lakes. It is not known to produce fertile spores and is postulated to be of hybrid origin schneller 1980.
Water spangles or water fern salvinia minima salvinia plants are floating ferns. Phytoremediation of cd, ni, pb and zn by salvinia minima. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in salvinia molesta. It has horizontal branching rhizomes that float just below the water surface and produce, at each node, two floating leaves. The product is not giant duckweed but salvinia minima.
Common salvinia can reproduce by spores or by fragmentation and is an aggressive invasive species. Air layers under water on the fern salvinia stability. Salvinia minima experiences exponential growth that allows it to completely cover. Species of salvinia are known to escape in various regions g. Common salvinia can be found freefloating or in mud. Pdf molecular characterization of the species salvinia. Salvinia molesta is considered the most invasive salvinia species and a serious threat to tropical and subtropical aquatic ecosystems worldwide douglasoliver 1993. Itis taxonomy is based on the latest scientific consensus available, and is provided as a general reference source for interested parties. Salvinia minima is a tropical aquatic floating plant, which has become a weed in the tropical and subtropical regions due to its high productivity and tolerance to a wide range of temperatures. Salvinia plants are floating ferns native to tropical america.
Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. In van driesche rg, blossey b, hoddle m, lyon s, reardon r editors. This plant and the related entity italicized and indented above can be weedy or invasive according to the authoritative sources noted below. Salvinia minima baker water spangles subordinate taxa. Leaves born in 3s, appear distichous third leaf resembling roots, rounded to broadly elliptic, 1. Salvinia control manual department of primary industries. Salvinia minima ufifas center for aquatic and invasive plants. Due to its buoyancy and matforming abilities, it is spread by. However, it is not a legal authority for statutory or. Salvinia, a genus in the family salviniaceae, is a floating fern named in honor of anton maria salvini, a 17thcentury italian scientist. Salvinia minima, a habitus, b sem picture of the trichome structures. Mitchell is one of four species that are members of the salvinia auriculata complex mitchelll and thomas, 1972. Mitchell, for example, is in cultivation in columbia county, florida, and represents a candidate for escape.
Plants of everglades national park a checklist of vascular plants introduction this list is based upon specimens in the herbarium of everglades national park, located at the south florida research. Salvinia minima ufifas center for aquatic and invasive. This insect feeds on the invasive aquatic plants salvinia molesta d. Light and growth effects of salvinia minima raul ipina, paulina cekiera, angelo rivera, heidi kosiek general biology ii bio2023, aquatic plant ecology lab, northeastern illinois university, chicago, il. Salvinia minima baker, the only other salvinia species present in the united states also is exotic and can be distinguished by the presence of divided hairs on the abaxial leaf surface that are spreading and.
Species, salvinia minima baker water fern, water spangles. Howard morgan 2018 list salvinia minima as present in the wild in alabama first report in. Lsu doctoral dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of lsu digital commons. The heterosporous fern clade, of which salvinia minima is a part, contains two families, marsileaceae and salviniaceae. Physiological responses of salvinia minima to different. Adult and immature life stages of this beetle can be found on salvinia molesta or salvinia minima above and below the water surface.
Masters theses by an authorized graduate school editor of lsu digital commons. Salvinia minima is a species of aquatic, floating fern that grows on the surface of still waterways. Salvinia, water spangles, is agenus of 10 speciesof freefloating heterosporous aquatic ferns withtwo introduced to north america. The spongy, velvety leaves are pale green and approximately 14 inch in diameter. The ni bf values in most study sites were higher than for another aquatic fern salvinia minima baker, which is a hyperaccumulator for ni bf. Salvinia molesta is a freefloating, matforming aquatic fern native to brazil. Martin usfws laurie bauer national ocean service ryan m. Interestingly, these insects can breathe underwater through an air bubble called a plastron that they create and attach to the underside of their body forno et al.
All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the. The active ingredients that have been successful in treating salvinia include. In this study we evaluate salvinia minima growth and its ability to accumulate metals. Request pdf physiological responses of salvinia minima to different phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations this study was designed to evaluate the. Salvinia minima is a floating aquatic fern that invades a variety of aquatic habitats with salinity levels as high as 47ppt.
Essendo specie acquatiche, particolarmente resistenti, le piante di salvinia minima non vengono attaccate generalmente da parassiti o da malattie. Trace element accumulation in salvinia natans from areas of various. Pdf biodiversity and community structure of arthropods. Ecology of common salvinia, salvinia minima baker, in southern florida philip w. Salvinia minima is believed to be a sterile species.
Grays manual of botany a handbook of the flowering plants and ferns of. Parys and others published biodiversity and community structure of arthropods associated with salvinia minima find, read and cite all the research you need on. Salvinia salvinia minima small fernlike floating pond. Control of salvinia minima baker salviniaceae, and interspecies.
Download a recognition card pdf from invasive and nonnative plants you should know1. Salvinia minima is a free floating, rootless aquatic fern 14cm 0. Salvinia molesta giant salvinia salvinaceae fern habit. It is usually referred to as common salvinia or water spangles. Gisd 2018 lists salvinia minima as native to argentina, belize. Giantgreater duckweeds scientific name is spirodela polyrrhza. The atlas of florida plants provides a source of information for the distribution of plants within the state and taxonomic information. Curculionidae for the control of salvinia lsu digital.
In australia, salvinia is an invasive and widespread weed in freshwater systems. The website also provides access to a database and images of herbarium. The salvinia effect describes the permanent stabilization of an air layer upon a hierarchically structured surface submerged in water. Giant salvinia salvinia molesta is one of the most noxious invasive species in the world. Minima water fern salvinia minima the free freshwater. Underwater the leaves are modified into small rootlike structures. There are 10 species of salvinia in the world, none of which are native to the united states. This page was last edited on 21 august 2018, at 22. This plant may be known by one or more common names in. Salvinia minima experiences exponential growth that allows it to completely cover waterways impeding traffic, blocking sunlight, decreasing oxygen levels and degrading habitat for native species of wildlife. Salvinia salvinia minima salvinia, sometimes referred to as cats tongue, is a true fern much like azolla. The plants were cultivated for about 60 days in different concentrations of.